BUDDHIST DICTIONARY:

Appendix

Attempt at a chronological fixing of terms not found, or not found in this form or meaning, in the oldest parts of the Sutta Pitaka.

Akusala-sādhārana-cetasika: This term is probably used for the first time in Abh. S., though already in Vis.M XIV the 4 cetasika in question are mentioned amongst the mental properties associated with each of the 12 akusala-cittas (Tab. I, 22-33), while in the Abhidhamma Pitaka (Dhs. §§ 365-429) uddhacca is found only in the last of the 12 cittas missing in all the remaining 11 cittas.

Ānantarika-kamma: This term seems to be used for the first time in Kath. (190) of the Abh. Canon; the 5 crimes mentioned, however, are already enumerated and explained in the old Sutta texts (e.g. A.V, 129), as is to be seen from the main part of this work.

Ārammana: s. paccaya 2.

Avacara: kāmāvacara is already met with in the oldest sutta texts (e.g. D. 1). rūpāvacara and arūpāvacara, however, occur probably for the first time in Pts.M. (I. 83ff.), while in the Abhidhamma Canon and the Com. all the 3 terms are frequently mentioned and explained.

Āvajjana: s. citta-vīthi .

Avyākata: This term in the sense of 'amoral' or 'kammically neutral', does not occur in the old sutta texts, while it is found in Pts.M. (e.g. I, 79ff). It plays an important role in the Abh. Canon (e.g. Dhs.) and the philosophical commentaries.

Āyūhana: probably met with for the first time in Pts.M. (I. 10f.).

Bhava: The 2-fold division, Kamma and upapatti is probably found for the first time in Vibh. of the Abh. Canon, but it expresses throughout the genuine teaching of the suttas.

Bhāva: as an isolated word, signifying-the physical nature or abilities of sex, probably occurs only in the Com. The expression itthibhāva and purisabhāva with the meaning of 'being a man', or 'being a woman', or after ñatvā etc., as for instance tassā, itthibhāvam: 'knowing her to be a woman': such expressions are often found in the oldest sutta texts.

Bhavanga-sotā, -citta: These 2 compound terms belong exclusively to the exegetical literature, while the term bhavanga is several times, briefly and unexplained, mentioned in the Patth. of the Abh. Canon, as though already known at that time.

Carita: rāga-c., dosa-c., Buddha-c etc., are only to be met with in the Com. and Vis.M

Cāritta-: and vāritta-sila: are only found in the Com., as Vis.M 1, etc., but the teaching indicated by it is frequently mentioned in the old sutta texts as karanīya and akaranīya (e.g. A. II, 16).

Cetasika: This term oceurs often in the old sutta texts, but only as adj. (e.g. cetasikam sukham etc.) or, at times, used as a sing. neut. noun (e.g. D. 1; p. 213, PTS). As a designation for mental properties, or properties of consciousness citta-sampayuttā dhammā it is frequently met with in Dhs. (§ 1189, 1512) as cetasika-dhamma while in Vis.M, Abh. S., etc., cetasika is used also as a neuter noun, in the sense of mental phenomenon.

Citta-lahutā: mudūta, -kammaññatā, -pāguññatā, -ujukatā: see: lahutā .

Citta-vīthi: as well as all terms for the various functions within the processes of conseiousness, such as āvajjana-citta, sampaticchana, santīrana, votthapana, javana, tadārammana, bhavanga, cuti: none of these terms is found in the Sutta Canon. except javana in Pts.M. Even in the Ahh. Canon (e.g. Patth) only javana and bhavanga are twice or thrice briefly mentioned. The stages, however, must have been more or less known. Cf. e.g Patth: ''cakkhu-viññānam tam sampayuttakā ca dhammā (= cetasikā) mano-dhātuyā (performing the sampaticchana-function),tam sampayuttakānañ ca dhammānam (cetasikānani) anantara-paccayena paccayo. Mano-dhātu... manoviññāna-dhātuya (performing the santīrana and votthapana function).  Purimā purimā kusalā dhammā (javanā) pacchimānam pacchimānam kusalānam dhammānam (javanacittānam) anantara-paccayena paccayo... avyākatānam dhammānam (tadārammana- and bhavanga-cittānam. ).

cuti-citta: see: citta-vīthi .

Dhātu-vavatthāna: This term is first used in Pts.M. while the subject in question is often treated in the old sutta texts (e.g. M. 28, 62, 140, etc.). Cf. sammasana

Dhutānga: This compound term is used only in the Com. The only place in the suttas where the first part, dhuta is used in the above sense, is found in S. XIV. The names of the performers of these 13 ascetical exercises, however, are all mentioned in the suttas, but scattered here and there, for instance:pamsukūlika, āraññika, pindapātika, ekāsanika, tecīvarika, sapādānacārī, sosānika, abhhokāsika, nesajjika, yathāsanthatika in M. 5, 113; A. V, 181-190, etc.; rukkhamūlika khalupacchābhattika and pattapindika in A. V, 189f. etc.

Gotrabhū: s. javana .

Hasituppāda-citta: This term is used in Abh. S. for the citta Tab. I, 72. This type of consciousness (the Buddha's smile) is often implied in the suttas.

Iddhi: Most, or perhaps all, of the 10 terms listed at Vis.M XII, as adhitthāna etc., are absent in the older sutta texts. In Pts.M. (II, 205-214), however, they are enumerated in due order and minutely explained. The magical powers indicated by these terms are, nevertheless, for the most part explicitly described already in the oldest sutta texts. Cf. D. 34; M. 3; A. III, 99, etc.

Indriya-samatta: This term is probably found for the first time in the Com., esp. Vis.M IV. The rudiments of this doctrine, however, are already found in the old sutta texts, e.g. A. III, 100.

Javana: The only reference in the Sutta Pitaka is Pts.M. II, 73: kusalakammassa javana-khane quot;in the impulsion-moment of a advantageous karma. In the Abhidhamma Pitaka it is briefly mentioned in the Patthāna, but without explanation, as if already known. The teaching of the flashing forth of 4 javana immediately before entering the jhāna or lokuttara-magga i.e. parikamma , upacāra , anuloma, gotrabhū is, as such, without doubt a later development in the commentarial literature.

Kalāpa: This doctrinal term, as well as the doctrine of the different material units or groups, such as the suddhatthaka-k., jīvitanavaka-k., cakkhudasaka-k etc. see: Vis.M XVIII), belong only to the later developments of exegetical literature, as Vis.M etc.

Kāma: vatthu-k and kilesa-k are probably found for the first time in MNid. 1. They correspond to the pañca kāmagunā cakkhu-viññeyyā rūpā etc.) and kāma-rāga in the older sutta texts (e.g A. VI, 68).

Kamma: ahosi-, janaka-, garuka-, bahula-, upatthambhaka-, upaghātaka-, upapīlaka-, maranāsanna-, upacchedaka-k None of these terms is found in the Sutta or Abh. Canon. They have been introduced by the commentators (e.g. in Abh. S. and Vis.M) for the purpose of a systematical grouping of the various aspects and functions of karma. The term katattā however, occurs repeatedly in the Abh. Canon in such expressions as: yasmim samaye... kusalassa kammassa katattā ... cakkhuviññānam hoti.. (Dhs. § 431); or:yam atthi rūpam kammassa katattā.. Dhs. § 653); or katattā, ca Patth.), etc.

Kammaññatā: s. lahutā .

Kammatthānā: This term, as a designation for the meditation exercises bhāvanā is found only in the Com. In the suttas the word is only used in a concrete sense for 'field of activity or occupation', as agriculture, trade, etc.

Katattā-kamma: s. kamma.

Kāya-lahutā: mudutā, -kammaññatā, -pāguññatā, -ujukatā see: lahutā .

Khana: The 3 phases in a moment of consciousness, i.e. uppāda, thiti, bhanga are probably mentioned for the first time in the commentaries; but there is a close parallel in two sutta texts which may have been the source for that teaching of a three-phased moment of consciousness:

There are 3 characteristics of what is conditioned sankhatassa lakkhanā): an arising uppādo is apparent, a passing away vayo is apparent, a change in the existing thitassa aññathattam: a href=dic2-abbrev.htm#Com. Com. = ageing) is apparent (A. III, 47). The same 3 phases are mentioned in S. XXII, 37, where they are applied to each of the 5khandha

Kilesa: the 10 kilesa are probably for the first time enumerated and explained in Dhs. (§§ 1229-1239). There they are, however, called kilesa-vatthu which name dasa kilesa-vatthu is already mentioned in Pts I, 130, though there they are neither enumerated nor explained.

Kiriya: kiriyā kriyā citta is a term first used in the Abh. Canon (e.g. Dhs. §§ 566-582). It has an important place in post-canonical Abh. literature, e.g. Vis.M XIV.

Lahutā, mudutā, kammaññatā: as rūpassa-, kāya-, or citta are for the first time found in the Abh. Canon, esp. Dhs. All, however, perhaps with the sole exception of paguññatā are implied in the Sutta Canon, e.g. citte, mudu-bhūte M 4); lahu-saññañ ca kāye okkamitvā S. LI. 22); cittam, ujukam (S. I. 26; PTS). kāya-passaddhi and citta-passaddhi however, are well known in the old sutta texts in this connection.

Manodvārāvajjana: s. citta-vīthi .

Mudutā: s. lahutā

ñāna: Of the 9 kinds of insight-knowledge constituting the patipadā-ñānadassana-visuddhi see: Vis.M XXI), the following 6 are, as such, enumerated and explained for the first time in Pts.M., namely: udayabbayānupassanā-ñāna (I. 54-57), bhangānupassanā-ñāna (ib. 57f.). bhayatupatthāna-ñāna (ib. 59f). muccitukamyatā-ñāna patisankā-ñāna sankhārupekkhā-ñāna (ib. 60-65). The terms udayabbaya and bhanga in connection with the 5 groups of existence, however, are often met with in the old sutta texts. Of the remaining 3 kinds of knowledge, ādīnavānupassanā nibbidānupassanā and anulomañāna the first 2 occur often in the old sutta texts, while anuloma-ñāna though only briefly mentioned in the Abh. Canon (Patth.), plays a prominent part in the exegetical literature.

Natthi-paccaya: s. paccaya

N'eva-sekha-n'āsekha: While the terms sekha and asekha occur frequently in the old sutta texts (e.g. A. II, 4: sekho ca asekho ca imasmim loke... āhuneyyā etc.), the term n'eva-sekha-n'āsekha is perhaps mentioned for the first time in Pug. of the Abh. Canon.

Nibbāna: The 2 terms kilesa and khandha parinibbāna (or nibbāna are found only in the Com.; their corresponding 2 aspects sa-upādisesa and anupādisesa-nibbāna however, are mentioned and explained in It. 44 of the Sutta Canon.

Nimitta: As signifying the mental reflex-image occurring in meditation, this term, singly or in compounds (parikkamma-, uggaha-, patibhāga-n is found only in the Com., Vis.M, etc. The same holds good for kamma-nimitta, gati-nimitta

Nissarana-pahāna: s. pahāna

Nissaya, nissita: These two terms, in combination with tanhā and ditthi belong probably, as such, to the commentarial literature, e.g. Vis.M I.

Niyāma: The compound words utu-, bīja-, kamma-, citta-, and dhamma-niyāma probably occur for the first time in the Com. niyāmatā however, occurs often in the old sutta texts, e.g. thitā va sā dhātu dhammatthitatā dhammaniyāmata. A. III. 134. etc.)

Niyata-micchāditthi: is apparently mentioned for the first time in Dhs. (e.g. § 1028) of the Abh. As a name for the 10th and last of the akusala-kammapathas it plays a prominent role in the Com.

Paccaya: This term occurs often in the old sutta texts in such expressions as: ko hetu, ko paccayo', 'yam yad eva paccayam paticca uppajjati viññānam etc., or as abl. adverb in avijjāpaccayā sankhārā All the 24 paccaya are for the first time enumerated, explained and applied to the phenomena of existence in the Abh. Canon (Patth). Of these 24 paccaya 5 are already mentioned in Pts.M. (II, 49-54, 59f., 72-77), namely, sahajāta-, aññamañña-, nissaya-, sampayutta-, vippayutta-paccaya.

1. hetu is already used in the sutta texts as 'condition' in a general and indefinite way, as a synonym of paccaya In the sense of kusala and akusala roots (mūla see: M. 9), however, it is only found in the Abh. Canon and Com.

2. ārammana has in the 'sutta texts only the meaning of 'foundation', or 'basis', or 'dependent on', e.g. M. 21: tadārammanañca sabbalokam mettāsahagatena cetasā pharitvā.. or D.33; S.XXII.53:viññānam ... rūpārammanam... vedanāram-manam.. As term for the 6 objects, rūpārammana, saddārammana etc.,

it is first used in the Abh. Canon, though the teaching of dependency of the 6 kinds of viññāna on the 6 sense-objects is an integral part of the suttas. Cf. e.g. M.38: cakkhuñca paticca rūpe ca uppajjati viññānam sotañca paticca sadde ca. etc.

3. adhipati as a philosophical term, occurs for the first time in the Abh. Canon (esp. Patth.). The 4 adhipati are in the suttas called iddhipāda (e.g. S. LI. 11). In the old sutta texts, 3 adhipateyya are however mentioned:atta-, loka-, dhamma (A. III, 38).

4. & 5. anantara-, and occur, as paccaya for the first time in the Abh. Canon (esp. Patth.). In a veiled form, however, we find the first term in the old sutta texts (e.g. Ratana Sutta in Khp. and Sn.): samādhim ānantarikaññamāhu: the concentration (associated with the arahatta-magga which is called the 'immediate' condition (for arahatta-phala

6. & 7. sahajāta and aññamañña-paccaya Though these terms, as such, are not found in the older sutta texts, still the teaching of the conascent and mutual conditionedness of the 4 mental groups <vedanā, saññā , sankhāra , viññāna is taught in the old texts, e.g. M. 28, 43; S. XXII, etc.

8. nissaya-paccaya is mentioned in Pts; see: first paragraph of this article, above.

9. upanissaya-paccaya Though this name is not found in the suttas, the teaching expressed thereby is, however, frequently met with there, sometimes even in the form of upanisā (apparently a contraction of upanissaya e.g. S. XII, 23: yam pi'ssa tam bhikkhave khayasmim khaye ñānam, tam sa-upanisam vadāmi, no anupanisam The terms pakati-, ārammana -, and anantara-upanissaya are later developments of the Abh. Com.

All the remaining terms are met with only in the Abh. literature though the substance is, perhaps in all cases, already dealt with in the old sutta texts.

Pādaka-jjhāna: This term is not found in the Sutta Canon, nor apparently in the Abh. Canon, but very often used in the exegetical literature. The idea, however, expressed thereby, is implied in many places of the old sutta texts, e.g., A. IX, 36, where it is shown how the jhānas one after the other, may serve as basis, or foundation (as mental object), for vipassanā In many of the old sutta texts it is also shown how the 4th jhāna forms the foundation for the attainment of the 5 higher spiritual powers abhiññā .

Pāguññatā: s. lahutā .

Pahāna: The 5 terms, as vikkhambhana etc., are, as such, not found in the old sutta texts, but they are enumerated and explained already in Pts.M. (II. 179f.).

Palibodha: This 10-fold group is perhaps for the first time mentioned in Khp. Com. and explained in Vis.M III.

Pañca-dvārāvajjana: s. āvajjana

Paramattha: s. vohāra-desanā .

Pāramī, pāramitā: Only the Com. deals with this subject, apart from the 3 apocryphal works, Buddhavamsa and Cariyapitaka, and the Jātaka.

Paricchinnākāsa: This term is used in the Com. for the term ākāsa-kasina used in the older sutta texts.

Pariññā:ñāta-, tīrana-, pahāna-p belong to the exegetical literature, but they are already implied in Pts.M. I. 87: abhiññā-paññā ñātatthe ñānam, pariññā-paññā tīranatthe ñānam, pahāna-paññā pariccāgatthe ñānam... ye ye dhammā abhiññātā honti, te te dhammā ñāta honti ... tīritā... pahīnā.

Pariyatti, patipatti, pativedha: The first of these 3 fundamental terms, especially in this 3-fold grouping, belongs to the commentarial literature, though the idea expressed thereby is often found in the suttas in such expressions as: dhammam pariyāpunāti suttam geyyam veyyākaranam.. The 2 other terms are found separately in the suttas.

Patipannaka: occurs in Pug. 17.

Patipatti: s. pariyatti

Patisandhi: is chiefly a commentarial term; but it occurs several times in one of the later books of the Sutta Pitaka, the Patisambhidā Magga (Pts.M. I, 11f, 52, 59f.; II, 72f.). The usual sutta term for 'rebirth' is punabbhava .

Patisandhika: ahetu , dvihetu and tihetu-p.: are purely commentarial terms. For patisandhi-citta see: citta-vīthi

Pativedha: s. pariyatti .

Pattidāna: This term is found only in the Com., but the belief expressed by it is several times mentioned in the older sutta texts. Cf. the main part of this work.

Rūpa: the terms nipphanna-rūpa and rūpa-rūpa are used only in the Com., although sappatigha and pasāda are already found in the Abh. Canon (e.g. Dhs. §§ 585, 597f.), while upādinna occurs repeatedly in the old sutta texts, e.g. M. 28, apparently with the meaning given in the main part of this work. Cf. further upādā-rūpa .

Samādhi: parikamma , upacāra and appanā-s.: are found only in the Com.

Sama-sīsī: This term seems to be met with for the first time in Pug. 19, while the person indicated is described in A., as is to be seen in the main part of this work.

Samatha-yānika: s. sukha-vipassaka.

Sammasana: This term, as noun, occurs probably for the first time in Pts.M. I. 53, although as a verb it is found already in the old texts. The same holds good with its synonym vavatthāna

Sammuti: s. sacca .

Sampaticchana-citta: s. citta-vīthi .

Samutthāna: kamma- (= kamma-ja), utu-, āhāra-s.: these terms are found only in the Com. citta-samutthāna-rūpa however, occurs already in Dhs. (§ 586) of the Abh. Canon; and is indicated very often in Patth., e.g.tam cittam samutthānānañ ca rūpānam The teaching of the origin of matter is, of course, already implied in the old sutta texts.

Santāna, santati: The terms citta-, rūpa-, khandha-, bhavanga-s.: etc., are found, here and there, in the Abh. Canon (e.g. Dhs. § 634, Kath. 110; see: Guide V), but they are often met with in the Abh. Com. In the Sutta (Therag. 716) is found sankhārasantati

Santīrana-citta: s. citta-vīthi .

Sīla: paccayasannissita-paccāvekkhana-sīla : etc., are terms used in the Com. for the proper contemplation patisankhā-yoniso of the 4 requisites of a monk, often dealt with in the old texts (e.g. M. 2). Also the 3 other pārisuddhi-s as pātimokkhasamvara , indriya and ājīvapārisuddhi-sīla though under these names perhaps only known in the Com., are fully dealt with in the old texts, e.g. M.53, D.2, M.2, etc. The terms pannatti and paññatti-sīla are used only in the Com.

Sukha-vipassaka: = suddha-vipassanā-yānika : these terms are used only in the Com., as also their counterpart samathayānika

Tadārammana-citta: s. citta-vīthi .

Tathatā: This term, with the meaning in question, occurs perhaps only once in the Canon, namely in Kath. see: Guide 83). Whether it is found also somewhere in the Com. , I am unable to say.

Tatramajjhattatā: occurs probably for the first time in the Abh. Canon (e.g. Patth.; cf. Guide 110).

Theravāda: This term was already used by the Buddha himself in speaking of the doctrine of Ālāra-Kālāma see: M. 26). As a name for the Buddha's doctrine it belongs to the commentarial literature.

Ujukatā: s. lahutā

Upacaya: is an Abh. term but already alluded to in the old sutta texts, e.g. M. 149: āyatim pañcūpādānakkhandhā upacayam gacchanti or in D.2: ayam kāyo odana-kummās upacayo.

Upādā-rūpa: is, as such, an Abh. term, but it is used with the same meaning in the sutta texts, c.g. in M. 9:catunnañ ca mahābhūtānam upādāyn rūpam'. Upādā is an abbreviation of upādāya (gerund).

Vāritta-sīla: s. cāritta .

Vasī: The 5 kinds of vasī are probably found first in the Vis.M

Vatthu: as a general term for the 5 sense-organs cakkhu-vatthu , etc) is frequent in the Com., and often used together with ārammana (object). This usage, however, is already indicated in the Abh. Canon:cakkhum p'etam... vatthum p'etam (Dhs. § 597; Vibh., p.71, PTS):cakkhu-viññāna vatthu (Dhs. §§ 679ff.).

Vimokkha: The 3, i.e. suññatā-, animitta-, appanihita-: are for the first time described and enumerated in Pts.M. II, 351. As suññatāsamādhi , etc., however, they are already given at D. 33.

Viññatti: kāya and vacī-v seem to occur for the first time in Dhs. (§§ 665,718) of the Abh. Canon.

Vipassanā: is frequently found in the older sutta texts (e.g. A. II, 32; S. XLV, 159), also together with samatha The 9 and 18 insight-knowledges vipassanā-ñāna and mahā-vipassanā however, occur in the Sutta Pitaka only in the Pts.M., ñānakathā, where they are enumerated and explained, though without any group name being attached to them.

Vipassanūpakkilesa: The group of 10 is mentioned for the first time in Pts.M. II, 102, and it is said that the mind may become defiled thereby kilissati but the above term is not used for the 10. This is probably done for the first time in Vis.M XX.

Vivatta: as a name for Nibbāna, seems to be found only in the Com.

Vivattanānupassanā: is already mentioned in Pts.M., together with the remaining 17 kinds of vipassanā In the old texts it is not found.

Vohāra-sacca: etc. The terms paramattha-, vohāra-, sammuti-: etc., belong as such to the commentarial literature, but their significance is clearly shown in the old sutta texts, e.g. D. 9: loka-sāmaññā, loka-vohāra'; further(D 33):sammuti-ñāna etc.

Vokāra: pañca- catu- and eka-v. bhāva occur as technical terms only in the Abh. (Vibh., Yam., Patth.) and Com., e.g. Vis.M, but their substance is an integral part of the suttas.

Votthapana-citta: s. citta-vīthi .

Vutthāna-gāminī-vipassanā: is probably implied in Pts.M. I, 60, under the name of vutthāna-vivattane ñāna .

Yamaka-pātihāriya: is perhaps for the first time mentioned and described in Pts.M., as seen in the main part of this work.

Yogāvacara, yogi: These 2 terms belong to the commentarial literature, but the first term appears also in Mil.

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